Elektronik burun verilerinin yapay zeka tabanlı algoritmalarla sınıflandırılması

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Günümüzde elektronik burun teknolojisi, yiyecek kalitesinin belirlenmesi, sağlık, savunma sanayi ve çevre gibi birçok farklı alanda başarıyla kullanılmaktadır. Adı geçen bu alanlarda genellikle koku verisinin sınıflandırıldığı görülmektedir. Gaz Sensörleri yardımıyla elde edilen koku verisinin sınıflandırılmasında birçok yöntem kullanılmakla birlikte literatürde özellikle yapay sinir ağlarına (YSA) sıklıkla rastlanmaktadır. YSA'da geleneksel olarak kullanılan geri yayılım algoritmasının (YSA-BP) bilindiği üzere, lokal minimuma takılma ve eğitim verisini ezberleme gibi zayıf yönleri bulunmaktadır. Bu tez kapsamında bu zayıf yönleri aşmak için, gaz sensörlerinden elde edilen koku verisinin sınıflandırılmasında YSA'nın eğitim kısmı yapay arı koloni (YSA-ABC) ve genetik algoritma (YSA-GA) ile optimize edilmiştir. Geliştirilen yazılım sayesinde, veri seti okutulup, YSA tasarlanıp ve eğitim modeli seçilerek algoritma çalıştırılabilmektedir. YSA'nin eğitilmesindeki geleneksel yöntemde (BP) karesel ortalama hata (MSE) baz alınırken, geliştirilen yazılım sayesinde, YSA-ABC ve YSA-GA eğitiminde, istenirse MSE, ortalama mutlak hata (MAE) veya R2 kullanılabilir. YSA-ABC'nin eğitilmesinde MAE'nin kullanılması MSE'ye göre daha başarılı sonuçlar verdiği görülmüştür. Bu yöntemler kullanılarak 4 farklı çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu 4 çalışmada eğitim hata değerleri olarak YSA-BP E-06, YSA-GA E-03 ile E-18 ve YSA-ABC ise E-16 düzeylerinde başarım göstermişlerdir. Test verisindeki başarımları ise YSA-BP E-06, YSA-GA E-03 ile E-09 ve YSA-ABC E-08 ile E-16 düzeylerinde başarım göstermişlerdir. Bu sonuçlar YSA-ABC'nin 4 çalışmanın 3'ünde diğer iki eğitim modeline göre daha başarılı eğitim ve test sonucu ürettiğini YSA-GA'nın ise sadece 1 çalışmada başarılı olduğunu göstermiştir. Eğitim süreleri karşılaştırıldığında, bütün çalışmalarda en hızlı eğitim modelinin saniyeler içerisinde tamamlanan YSA-BP olduğu daha sonra dakikalar düzeyinde süren YSA-ABC geldiği ve en yavaş modelin ise saatler süren YSA-GA olduğu görülmüştür. Eğitim modellerinin, eğitim süresi ve test verilerinde gösterdikleri başarı bir arada düşünüldüğünde, YSA-ABC'nin koku verisinin sınıflandırılmasında kullanımının daha uygun olacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.Today, electronic nose technology is successfully used in a wide range of areas such as food quality, health system, defense industry, and in environment. Usually, it is required to classify odour data during the use of e-nose technology in these fields. There are many methods used in classification of gas sensor data. Artificial neural networks (ANN) are especially come across in numerous studies as a classification method. Back propagation algorithm (ANN-BP) which is traditionally used in ANN, is known to get stuck in local minima and overfit the training data. In this thesis, during the classification of gas sensor data, artificial bee colony (ANN-ABC) and genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) are used to optimize ANN training in order to overcome these weaknesses of ANN-BP. A software is developed to run the algorithm after dataset is given to the network, ANN is designed and training method is determined. Mean squared error (MSE) is traditionally used as the only performance measure in ANN training (with BP). However, in the software developed here, mean absolute error (MAE) and R2 are also measured during ANN-ABC and ANN-GA training. It is observed that using MAE in ANN-ABC training as a performance measure gives more successful results compared to MSE use. Four different studies are conducted using this method. In these studies, ANN-BP had training error values in the level of E-06, while ANN-GA had E-03 and E-18, and ANN-ABC achieved E-16 level. The success levels of the networks in the test data were E-06 for ANN-BP, E-03 and E-09 for ANN-GA, and E-08 and E-16 for ANN-ABC. These results showed that, ANN-ABC produced more satisfactory training and test results in three of the four studies, compared to other two training methods. ANN-GA is found to be the most successful in only one of the studies. In terms of training time, ANN-BP is seen to be the fastest in all of the studies with a completion time in seconds it is followed by ANN-ABC with a minutes-level completion time, while ANN-GA is observed to be the slowest by lasting for hours. When training time and performance in test data measures are both considered simultaneously, it can be concluded that ANN-ABC is more suitable to be used in classification of odour data

Software Defect Detection by using Data Mining based Fuzzy Logic

Software updates and maintenance costs can be reduced by a successful quality control process. Defect prediction is particularly important during software quality control, and a number of methods have been applied to identify defects in a software system. Quality control studies are based on quality metrics and static code metrics, and each research uses different set of metrics during the process. However, it is uncertain which metric is more significant in a particular study. In this study, NASA software quality dataset is used, and the most significant metric in the dataset is determined using MANOVA. A data mining based fuzzy logic model is developed using the reduced dataset. Gini decision tree is used as the data mining algorithm. Results of ROC analysis showed that the hybrid data mining-fuzzy model produces successful results during defect detection in software quality

Identification of Plant Species by Deep Learning and Providing as A Mobile Application

Image processing techniques give highly successful results when used deep learning in classification studies. Applications benefit from this kind of work to make life easier. In this study, a mobile application is developed that takes photo of a plant and makes image processing on it to provide information about its name, the time to change the soil, the amount of sun light and nutrition it needs. The model is trained using the Convolutional Neural Networks, and dataset is successfully applied to the network. Currently, the application is capable to classify 43 different plants in mobile environment, and its classification capacity is planned to be expanded with new plant species as a future study. Up to 90% accuracy is reached in this study with the current version of the application

Classification of E-Nose Aroma Data of Four Fruit Types by ABC-Based Neural Network

Electronic nose technology is used in many areas, and frequently in the beverage industry for classification and quality-control purposes. In this study, four different aroma data (strawberry, lemon, cherry, and melon) were obtained using a MOSES II electronic nose for the purpose of fruit classification. To improve the performance of the classification, the training phase of the neural network with two hidden layers was optimized using artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), which is known to be successful in exploration. Test data were given to two different neural networks, each of which were trained separately with backpropagation (BP) and ABC, and average test performances were measured as 60% for the artificial neural network trained with BP and 76.39% for the artificial neural network trained with ABC. Training and test phases were repeated 30 times to obtain these average performance measurements. This level of performance shows that the artificial neural network trained with ABC is successful in classifying aroma data

Determination of the Gas Density in Binary Gas Mixtures Using Multivariate Data Analysis

Some solvents in commercial products may have harmful effects on human health. It is important to determine the percentage of this certain solvent in a product to detect any possible health hazards. In this paper, three different solvents, acetone, methanol, and chloroform, are used to form binary gas mixtures in a laboratory environment. Nine quartz-crystal microbalance sensors are used, and gas data are obtained through the responses of these sensors. First, the data set divided 11 times randomly for validation sensitivity of the results. For each of the binary gas mixtures, insignificant sensors are removed, considering multivariate analysis of variance analysis, and sensor data sets are obtained. The statistical multivariate linear regression (MvLR) method is used to determine the ratio of individual gasses in each binary gas mixture. Flexible models are created by removing insignificant sensor data from the equations in the MvLR. Prediction performances of 11 data sets reveal and validate that statistical methods can be used to detect the ratio of a certain gas within a gas mixture, and reliable results can be achieved

Day-Ahead Natural Gas Demand Forecasting Using Optimized ABC-Based Neural Network with Sliding Window Technique: The Case Study of Regional Basis in Turkey

The increase of energy consumption in the world is reflected in the consumption of natural gas. However, this increment requires additional investment. This effect leads imbalances in terms of demand forecasting, such as applying penalties in the case of error rates occurring beyond the acceptable limits. As the forecasting errors increase, penalties increase exponentially. Therefore, the optimal use of natural gas as a scarce resource is important. There are various demand forecast ranges for natural gas and the most difficult range among these demands is the day-ahead forecasting, since it is hard to implement and makes predictions with low error rates. The objective of this study is stabilizing gas tractions on day-ahead demand forecasting using low-consuming subscriber data for minimizing error using univariate artificial bee colony-based artificial neural networks (ANN-ABC). For this purpose, households and low-consuming commercial users' four-year consumption data between the years of 2011-2014 are gathered in daily periods. Previous consumption values are used to forecast day-ahead consumption values with sliding window technique and other independent variables are not taken into account. Dataset is divided into two parts. First, three-year daily consumption values are used with a seven day window for training the networks, while the last year is used for the day-ahead demand forecasting. Results show that ANN-ABC is a strong, stable, and effective method with a low error rate of 14.9 mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for training utilizing MAPE with a univariate sliding window technique

An Elective Course Suggestion System Developed in Computer Engineering Department Using Fuzzy Logic

Besides required courses which are compulsory for each student to be taken, universities also offer elective courses chosen by the students themselves. In their undergraduate study, since students are not guided about the elective courses, they lack information about the description and content of the course and generally fail to take the appropriate ones for their course of study. As a solution, using the knowledge of the previous required courses taken by the student it is possible to guide the student about elective courses appropriate for him/her. In this study, information from the transcripts of students are analyzed, and using this information a relationship is conducted between the required courses and the elective courses taken previously by the student. Rules are extracted by the help of data mining and an elective course suggestion system is developed using fuzzy logic. Successful results are obtained from the tests; it is observed that the students successful from the required courses are also successful in the related elective ones

An Elective Course Suggestion System Developed in Computer Engineering Department Using Fuzzy Logic

Besides required courses which are compulsory for each student to be taken, universities also offer elective courses chosen by the students themselves. In their undergraduate study, since students are not guided about the elective courses, they lack information about the description and content of the course and generally fail to take the appropriate ones for their course of study. As a solution, using the knowledge of the previous required courses taken by the student it is possible to guide the student about elective courses appropriate for him/her. In this study, information from the transcripts of students are analyzed, and using this information a relationship is conducted between the required courses and the elective courses taken previously by the student. Rules are extracted by the help of data mining and an elective course suggestion system is developed using fuzzy logic. Successful results are obtained from the tests; it is observed that the students successful from the required courses are also successful in the related elective ones